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Properties of substance:

hydrogen peroxide

Group of substances:

inorganic

Physical appearance:

colorless liquid

Empirical formula (Hill's system for organic substances):

H2O2

Structural formula as text:

HOOH

Molar/atomic mass: 34.01

Melting point (°C):

-0.43

Boiling point (°C):

152

Decomposition temperature (°C):

152

CAS №: 7722-84-1

Solubility (g/100 g of solvent):

acetone: miscible [Ref.]
ammonia liquid : 68.1 (-53.5°C) [Ref.]
ammonia liquid : 76.4 (-32°C) [Ref.]
ammonia liquid : 97.2 (0°C) [Ref.]
aniline: miscible [Ref.]
benzene: insoluble [Ref.]
diethyl ether: 39.9 (-47.6°C) [Ref.]
diethyl ether: 125.7 (-4.8°C) [Ref.]
ethanol: soluble [Ref.]
ethyl acetate: miscible [Ref.]
petroleum ether: insoluble [Ref.]
water: miscible [Ref.]

Properties of solutions:

1% (wt.), solvent - water
  Density of a material to that water at 4°C = 1.0018 (18°)
2% (wt.), solvent - water
  Density of a material to that water at 4°C = 1.005 (18°)
3% (wt.), solvent - water
  Density of a material to that water at 4°C = 1.0083 (18°)
5% (wt.), solvent - water
  Density of a material to that water at 4°C = 1.0151 (18°)
6% (wt.), solvent - water
  Density of a material to that water at 4°C = 1.0187 (18°)
10% (wt.), solvent - water
  Density of a material to that water at 4°C = 1.0336 (18°)
15% (wt.), solvent - water
  Density of a material to that water at 4°C = 1.0526 (18°)
20% (wt.), solvent - water
  Density of a material to that water at 4°C = 1.0717 (18°)
25% (wt.), solvent - water
  Density of a material to that water at 4°C = 1.0911 (18°)
30% (wt.), solvent - water
  Density of a material to that water at 4°C = 1.1111 (18°)
35% (wt.), solvent - water
  Density of a material to that water at 4°C = 1.1331 (18°)
35,3% (wt.), solvent - water
  Dielectric constants = 83.1 (20°)
40% (wt.), solvent - water
  Density of a material to that water at 4°C = 1.1561 (18°)
50% (wt.), solvent - water
  Density of a material to that water at 4°C = 1.2031 (18°)
60% (wt.), solvent - water
  Density of a material to that water at 4°C = 1.2505 (18°)
61,2% (wt.), solvent - water
  Freezing point (°C) = -56.1
70% (wt.), solvent - water
  Density of a material to that water at 4°C = 1.298 (18°)
80% (wt.), solvent - water
  Dynamic viscosity (mPa·s) = 1.26 (20°)
  Density of a material to that water at 4°C = 1.3456 (18°)
  Freezing point (°C) = -25.
  Boiling point (°C) = 142.8
90% (wt.), solvent - water
  Dynamic viscosity (mPa·s) = 1.26 (20°)
  Density of a material to that water at 4°C = 1.3936 (18°)
  Freezing point (°C) = -11.7
  Boiling point (°C) = 141.1

Interatomic distances and bond angles:

Interatomic distances (in pm): 98,8 (H-O) [crystals]
Interatomic distances (in pm): 145,8 (O-O) [crystals]
Interatomic distances (in pm): 95 (H-O) [gas]
Interatomic distances (in pm): 147,5 (O-O) [gas]
Bond angles (in degrees): 101,9 (H-O-O) [crystals]
Bond angles (in degrees): 90,2 (H-(O2)-H) [crystals]
Bond angles (in degrees): 94,8 (H-O-O) [gas]
Bond angles (in degrees): 111,5 (H-(O2)-H) [gas]
Bond dissociation energie (kJ/mol): 365,71 (HOO-H)
Bond dissociation energie (kJ/mol): 210,45 (HO-OH)
Bond dissociation energie (kJ/mol): 205,732 (OO-H)

Numerical data:

Year of discovery: 1818

Density:

1.71 (-20°C, g/cm3)
1.6434 (-4.5°C, g/cm3)
1.4425 (25°C, g/cm3)

Reactions of synthesis:

  1. [Ref.1aster, Ref.2aster]
    BaO2 + H2SO4 → BaSO4 + H2O2
  2. [Ref.1aster, Ref.2aster]
    Na2O2 + H2SO4 + 10H2O → H2O2 + Na2SO4 * 10H2O

Reactions:

  1. Yeild 50%. [Ref.1]
    2CH3SO3C2H5 + H2O2 → C2H5OOC2H5 + 2CH3SO3H
  2. [Ref.1]
    2Ce(OH)3 + 3H2O2 → 2Ce(OH)3(OOH) + 2H2O
  3. [Ref.1]
    Ag2O + H2O2 → 2Ag + O2 + H2O
  4. [Ref.1]
    3(CH3)3COH + 2H2O2 → (CH3)3COOC(CH3)3 + (CH3)3COOH + 3H2O
  5. [Ref.1]
    2Na + 2H2O2 → 2NaOOH + H2
  6. [Ref.1]
    2CH2=C=O + H2O2 → CH3C(O)OOC(O)CH3
  7. [Ref.1aster, Ref.2aster, Ref.3aster, Ref.4aster, Ref.5aster]
    SeO2 + H2O2 → H2SeO4

Refractive index (nD):

1.4067 (25°C)

Vapour pressure (Torr):

1.9 (25°C)
10 (50°C)
29 (69°C)
100 (95°C)

Electrode potential:

H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e- → 2H2O, E = 1.764 V (water, 25°C)

Dissociation:

pKa (1) = 11.65 (25°C, water)
pKa (2) = 25 (18°C, water)

Permittivity (dielectric constant):

84.2 (0°C)
73.1 (20°C)

Dipole moment (D):

2.1 (20°C)

Viscosity (mPa·s):

1.245 (20°C)

Surface tension (mN/m):

80.4 (20°C)

Standard molar enthalpy (heat) of formation ΔfH0 (298.15 K, kJ/mol):

-187.8 (l)

Standard molar Gibbs energy of formation ΔfG0 (298.15 K, kJ/mol):

-120.4 (l)

Standard molar entropy S0 (298.15 K, J/(mol·K)):

109.5 (l)

Molar heat capacity at constant pressure Cp (298.15 K, J/(mol·K)):

89.33 (l)

Molar enthalpy (heat) of fusion ΔfusH (kJ/mol):

12.49

Standard molar enthalpy (heat) of formation ΔfH0 (298.15 K, kJ/mol):

-136.18 (g)

Standard molar Gibbs energy of formation ΔfG0 (298.15 K, kJ/mol):

-106.04 (g)

Enthalpy (heat) of vaporization ΔvapH (kJ/mol)

51.6 (l) [25°C] [Ref.]

LD50 (mg/kg):

4050 (rats, oral)
620 (rats, subcutaneous)
12000 (mice, onto the skin)
880 (mice, intraperitoneal)

Critical temperature (°C):

457

Uses:

References:

  1. Holleman A.F., Wiberg E., Wiberg N. Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie. - Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1995. - pp. 238
  2. Jones C.W. Applications of Hydrogen Peroxide and Derivatives. - The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1999
  3. Milne G.W.A. Gardner's Commercially Important Chemicals. - Wiley-Interscience, 2005. - pp. 327
  4. Seidell A. Solubilities of inorganic and metal organic compounds. - 3ed., vol.1. - New York: D. Van Nostrand Company, 1940. - pp. 588-591
  5. Transactions of The Electrochemical Society. - 1947. - Vol. 92, No. 1. - pp. 67-76 [DOI: 10.1149/1.3071805]
  6. Urbanski T. Chemistry and technology of explosives. - vol.3. - Warszawa, 1967. - pp. 299-305
  7. Вредные вещества в промышленности: Справочник для химиков, инженеров и врачей. - 7-е изд., Т.3. - Л.: Химия, 1976. - pp. 10-11 [Russian]
  8. Вредные химические вещества: Неорганические соединения элементов I-IV групп. Справочник. - Л.: Химия, 1988. - pp. 17 [Russian]
  9. Гринвуд Н., Эрншо А. Химия элементов. - Т.1. - М.: БИНОМ. Лаборатория знаний, 2008. - pp. 588-592 [Russian]
  10. Девяткин В.В., Ляхова Ю.М. Химия для любознательных, или о чем не узнаешь на уроке. - Ярославль: Академия Холдинг, 2000. - pp. 63 [Russian]
  11. Иванова М.А., Кононова М.А. Химический демонстрационный эксперимент. - М.: Высшая школа, 1969. - pp. 22-28 [Russian]
  12. Лидин Р.А., Аликберова Л.Ю., Логинова Г.П. Неорганическая химия в вопросах. - М.: Химия, 1991. - pp. 173 [Russian]
  13. Некрасов Б.В. Основы общей химии. - Т.1. - М.: Химия, 1973. - pp. 147-152 [Russian]
  14. Неорганическая химия. - Под ред. Третьякова Ю.Д., Т.2. - М.: Academa, 2004. - pp. 23-27 [Russian]
  15. Перекись водорода и перекисные соединения. - Под ред. Позина М.Е. - М.-Л.: ГНТИХЛ, 1951 [Russian]
  16. Рабинович В.А., Хавин З.Я. Краткий химический справочник. - Л.: Химия, 1977. - pp. 59 [Russian]
  17. Химическая энциклопедия. - Т. 1. - М.: Советская энциклопедия, 1988. - pp. 402 [Russian]
  18. Химия и технология перекиси водорода. - Под ред. Серышева Г.А. - Л.: Химия, 1984 [Russian]
  19. Химмотология ракетных и реактивных топлив. - Под ред. Браткова А.А. - М.: Химия, 1987. - pp. 51-58 [Russian]
  20. Шамб У., Сеттерфилд Ч., Вентворс Р. Перекись водорода. - М.: ИИЛ, 1958 [Russian]
  21. Якименко Л.М., Серышев Г.А. Электрохимический синтез неорганических соединений. - М.: Химия, 1984. - pp. 114-121 [Russian]

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    © Collected Ruslan Anatolievich Kiper, burewestnik@mail.ru